Method of measuring substance in sample using a redox reaction

ABSTRACT

A highly reliable method of measuring an analyte in a sample using a redox reaction. In this method, a tetrazolium compound is added to a sample prior to the redox reaction so as to eliminate the influence of any reducing substance in the sample, then a reducing substance or an oxidizing substance derived from the analyte is formed, the quantity of the formed substance derived from the analyte is measured by the redox reaction, and the quantity of the analyte is determined from the quantity of the formed substance derived from the analyte. As the tetrazolium compound, for example, 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium salt can be used.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of measuring an analyte in asample using a redox reaction.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Traditionally, measurement of the quantity of an analyte in a sampleusing a redox reaction has been utilized in a wide range ofapplications. For example, such a measurement has been utilized formeasuring glycated proteins in applications such as biochemicalanalyses, clinical tests, and the like.

For instance, glycated proteins in blood, particularly glycatedhemoglobin (HbA1c) in erythrocytes, are significant indicators in thediagnosis and therapy of diabetes, because they reflect the patient'spast history of blood sugar value. Glycated proteins in erythrocytes aremeasured using a redox reaction, for example, as follows:

First, erythrocytes are hemolyzed to prepare a sample. The hemolyzedsample is treated with a suitable protease or the like, and then treatedwith fructosyl amino acid oxidase (hereinafter referred to as FAOD) soas to form hydrogen peroxide. The quantity of the hydrogen peroxideformed corresponds to the quantity of glycated proteins in erythrocytes.Then, a peroxidase (hereinafter referred to as POD) and a reducing agentare added to the sample, so that a redox reaction occurs between thehydrogen peroxide and the reducing agent with the POD as a catalyst. Atthis time, when a reducing agent that develops color when it is oxidizedis used, the quantity of the hydrogen peroxide can be determined bymeasuring the color. As a result, the quantity of the glycated proteinsin erythrocytes can be determined.

However, various kinds of reducing substances, such as L-ascorbic acid(AsA) and bilirubin, are usually present in blood. Moreover, varioustypes of reducing substances such as glutathione (GSH) and the like arepresent in erythrocytes. These reducing substances may reduce thehydrogen peroxide, or may inhibit the redox reaction, or may reduce thereducing agent after it develops color, so as to cause degradation ofthe color. Therefore, there has been a problem that it is difficult todetermine the quantity of the glycated proteins in erythrocytesaccurately.

There has been also another problem, that precision of the measurementmay deteriorate because the concentrations of the reducing substancescontained in samples are not constant.

In order to avoid these problems, for example, various types ofoxidizing agents have been added to samples. For example, Publication ofUnexamined Japanese Patent Application No. Sho 56-151358 discloses amethod of using halogen oxides, such as iodic acid or periodic acid, asoxidizing agents. Publications of Unexamined Japanese PatentApplications No. Sho 57-13357, No. Sho 57-161650, No. Sho 59-193354, No.Sho 62-169053, and No. Hei 3-30697 also disclose methods of usingcomplexes of metals such as cobalt, iron, cerium, etc. as oxidizingagents.

However, the effect of the reducing substances on the measurements cannot be avoided sufficiently even with the use of these oxidizing agents.In particular, these oxidizing agents performed poorly when the analytewas a component in erythrocytes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide ahighly reliable method of measuring an analyte in a sample using a redoxreaction.

In order to accomplish this object, the present invention provides amethod of measuring an analyte in a sample using a redox reaction,comprising: adding a tetrazolium compound prior to the redox reaction toa sample so as to eliminate the influence of any reducing substancecontained in the sample; then forming a reducing substance or anoxidizing substance derived from the analyte; measuring the quantity ofthe formed substance derived from the analyte by the redox reaction; anddetermining the quantity of the analyte from the quantity of the formedsubstance. The tetrazolium compound herein refers to a compound having atetrazole ring.

As a result of extensive studies, the inventors found that the cause ofthe problems in the conventional methods was not that the influence ofthe low molecular weight reducing substances such as the above-mentionedGSH and AsA were not eliminated, but that the influence of highmolecular weight reducing substances such as proteins or the like werenot eliminated. The inventors also found that, not only the influence ofthe low molecular weight reducing substances, but also influence ofother reducing substances can be eliminated by the use of thetetrazolium compound, and thus have reached the method of the presentinvention. According to the method of the present invention, thequantity of the analyte can be determined with greater reliability.Thus, it is used suitably for various kinds of tests, e.g. in clinicalmedicine.

In the method of the present invention, it is preferable that thetetrazolium compound has cyclic substituted groups in at least twopositions of its tetrazole ring. More preferably, it has cyclicsubstituted groups at three positions thereof.

When the tetrazolium compound has cyclic substituted groups in at leasttwo positions of its tetrazole ring as mentioned above, it is preferablethat the substituted groups are at positions 2 and 3 thereof. Moreover,when the tetrazolium compound has cyclic substituted groups at threepositions of its tetrazole ring, it is preferable that the substitutedgroups are at positions 2, 3, and 5 thereof.

In the method of the present invention, it is preferable that at leasttwo of the cyclic substituted groups have benzene rings. Moreover,cyclic substituted groups other than those having benzene rings include,for example, substituted groups containing S or O in their ringskeletons and having resonance structures, such as thienyl and thiazolylgroups, and the like.

In the method of the present invention, it is preferable that thetetrazolium compound has cyclic substituted groups in at least threepositions of its tetrazole ring, and that at least two of the cyclicsubstituted groups have benzene rings.

In the method of the present invention, it is preferable that at leastone of the cyclic substituted groups has functional groups. It is morepreferable that the number of the functional groups is large.

Preferable examples of the functional groups are electron attractivefunctional groups, e.g. halogen atoms or ether, ester, carboxyl, acyl,nitroso, nitro, hydroxyl or sulfo groups, and the like. Examples otherthan these functional groups are groups containing oxygen, such ashydroperoxy, oxy, epoxy, epidioxy, and oxo groups, and groups containingsulfur, such as mercapto, alkylthio, methylthiomethyl, thioxo, sulfino,benzenesulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl, p-tolylsulfonyl,tosyl, sulfamoyl, and isothiocyanato groups. Among the electronattractive functional groups, preferable are halogen atoms and nitro,sulfo, carboxyl, hydroxyl, methoxy, and ethoxy groups. Furthermore,examples other than the above-mentioned electron attractive functionalgroups include unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, such as phenyl group(C₆H₅—), styryl group (C₆H₅CH═CH—), and the like. Moreover, thefunctional groups may be ionized by dissociation.

In the method of the present invention, it is preferable that thetetrazolium compound has benzene rings at positions 2 and 3 of itstetrazole ring, and that at least one of the benzene rings has at leastone functional group selected from the group consisting of halogen atomsand carboxyl, nitro, hydroxyl sulfo, methoxy, and ethoxy groups.Moreover, both of the benzene rings may have such functional groups. Thebenzene ring may have the functional groups at any position (i.e.ortho-, meta-, or para-). Furthermore, the number of the functionalgroups is not particularly limited, and the benzene ring may have eitherthe same or different functional groups.

In the method of the present invention, examples of the tetrazoliumcompound include those having substituted groups with benzene rings atpositions 2, 3 and 5 of their tetrazole rings, e.g.2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt,2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt,2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt, 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium salt,3,3′-(1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diyl)-bis(2,5-diphenyl)-2H-tetrazolium salt,3,3′-[3,3′-dimethoxy-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diyl]-bis[2-(4-nitropenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazoliumsalt], 2,3-diphenyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,5-diphenyl-3-(p-diphenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,3-diphenyl-5-(p-diphenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,5-diphenyl-3-(4-styrylphenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,5-diphenyl-3-(m-tolyl)tetrazolium salt, and2,5-diphenyl-3-(p-tolyl)tetrazolium salt, and the like.

Furthermore, the tetrazolium compound is not limited to theabove-mentioned compounds, and other compounds having cyclic substitutedgroups with benzene rings at two positions of their tetrazole rings andother cyclic substituted group at one position thereof also can be used.Examples of such compounds include 2,3-diphenyl-5-(2-thienyl)tetrazoliumsalt, 2-benzothiazoyl-3-(4-carboxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-5-[4-(2-sulfoethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-2H-tetrazolium salt,2,2′-dibenzothiazolyl-5,5′-bis[4-di(2-sulfoethyl)carbamoylphenyl]-3,3′-(3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′-biphenylene)ditetrazoliumsalt, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium salt, andthe like.

Furthermore, tetrazolium compounds having substituted groups withbenzene rings at two positions of their tetrazole rings and a non-cyclicsubstituted group at one position thereof also can be used. Examples ofsuch compounds include 2,3-diphenyl-5-cyanotetrazolium salt,2,3-diphenyl-5-carboxytetrazolium salt, 2,3-diphenyl-5-methyltetrazoliumsalt, and 2,3-diphenyl-5-ethyltetrazolium salt, and the like.

Among the above-mentioned tetrazolium compounds, preferable are thosehaving three cyclic substituted groups as mentioned above, and morepreferable are those having three cyclic substituted groups with benzenerings and having many electron attractive functional groups.Particularly preferable is2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt. Moreover, these tetrazolium compounds may be, for example, in theforms of salts, or may be in ionized forms.

In the method of the present invention, the amount of the tetrazoliumcompound added is not particularly limited, and it can be determined asappropriate depending on the type of the sample and the amount of thereducing substance. Specifically, it is preferable that the tetrazoliumcompound is added so that its concentration falls in the range of 0.001to 100 μmol, more preferably from 0.005 to 10 μmol, particularlypreferably from 0.01 to 1 μmol per 1 μl of the sample.

In the method of the present invention, when the sample is whole blood,it is preferable that the tetrazolium compound is added in an amountsuch that its concentration falls in the range of 0.001 to 10 μmol per 1μl of whole blood. More preferably it is in the range of 0.005 to 5μmol, particularly preferably from 0.01 to 1 μmol per 1 μl of wholeblood. Specifically, when the tetrazolium compound is2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt, it is preferably added in an amount such that its concentrationfalls in the range of 0.001 to 0.4 μmol per 1 μl of whole blood. Morepreferably it is in the range of 0.005 to 0.1 μmol, particularlypreferably from 0.01 to 0.07 μmol per 1 μl of whole blood.

In the method of the present invention, it is preferable that theoxidizing substance derived from the analyte is hydrogen peroxide, andthat the quantity of the hydrogen peroxide is measured by the redoxreaction.

It is preferable that the quantity of the hydrogen peroxide is measuredusing a substrate that develops color by oxidation with an oxidizingenzyme (hereinafter referred to as a color-developing substrate).

Although not particularly limiting, it is preferable that, for example,N-(carboxymethylaminocarbonyl)-4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylaminesodium is used as the color-developing substrate, because this can bedetected with high sensitivity. Furthermore, it is preferable that theoxidizing enzyme is a peroxidase.

In the method of the present invention, the type of the sample is notparticularly limited. The method also can be applied to samples otherthan whole blood, plasma, serum, and blood cells, e.g. biologicalsamples such as urine and spinal fluid, drinks such as juices, foodssuch as soy sauce and Worcester sauce.

In the method of the present invention, the analyte may be, for example,components in whole blood, components in erythrocytes, components inplasma, components in serum, components in urine, components in spinalfluid, and the like, and it is preferably a component in erythrocytes.The component in erythrocytes may be, for example, glycated protein suchas glycated hemoglobin and glycated albumin, glycated peptide, glycatedamino acid, glucose, uric acid, cholesterol, creatinine, sarcosine,glycerol, and the like, particularly glycated protein. For example, whena component in erythrocytes is to be measured, whole blood itself may behemolyzed to prepare a sample, or erythrocytes are separated from wholeblood and hemolyzed to prepare a sample.

In the method of the present invention, it is preferable that hydrogenperoxide is formed by decomposing sugar portions of glycated proteins byoxidation with FAOD. Furthermore, it is preferable that glycatedpeptides and glycated amino acids also are subjected to the action ofFAOD. Moreover, it is preferable that glycated proteins and glycatedpeptides are treated with a protease before its treatment with FAOD asnecessary.

It is preferable that the FAOD catalyzes a reaction represented by aformula (1) below.

R¹—CO—CH₂—NH—R²+H₂O+O₂→R¹—CO—CHO+NH₂—R²+H₂O₂  (1)

In the formula (1) above, R¹ denotes a hydroxyl group or a residuederived from the sugar before glycation (i.e. a sugar residue). Thesugar residue (R¹) is an aldose residue when the sugar before glycationis an aldose, and is a ketose residue when the sugar before glycation isa ketose. For example, when the sugar before glycation is glucose, ittakes a fructose structure after glycation by an Amadori rearrangement.In this case, the sugar residue (R¹) becomes a glucose residue (analdose residue). The sugar residue (R¹) can be represented, for example,by

—[CH(OH)]_(n)—CH₂OH

where n is an integer of 0 to 6.

In the formula (1) above, although the type of R² is not particularlylimited, when it is a glycated amino acid, glycated peptide, or glycatedprotein, there is a difference between the case of α-amino group beingglycated and the case of other amino group being glycated.

In the formula (1) above, when an α-amino group is glycated, R² is anamino acid residue or a peptide residue represented by a formula (2)below.

—CHR³—CO—R⁴  (2)

In the formula (2) above, R³ indicates an amino acid side chain group.Furthermore, R⁴ denotes a hydroxyl group, an amino acid residue, or apeptide residue, and can be represented, for example, by a formula (3)below. In the formula (3) below, n is an integer of not less than zero,and R³ denotes an amino acid side chain group as in the above.

—(NH—CHR³—CO)_(n)—OH  (3)

Furthermore, in the formula (1) above, when an amino group other thanα-amino group is glycated (i.e. when an amino acid side chain group isglycated), R² can be represented by a formula (4) below.

In the formula (4) above, R⁵ indicates the portion of the amino acidside chain group other than the glycated amino group. For example, whenthe glycated amino acid is lysine, R⁵ is

—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—.

For another example, when the glycated amino acid is arginine, R⁵ is

—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH(NH₂)—.

Furthermore, in the formula (4) above, R⁶ denotes hydrogen, an aminoacid residue, or a peptide residue. It can be represented, for example,by a formula (5) below. Moreover, in the formula (5) below, n is aninteger of not less than zero, and R³ denotes an amino acid side chaingroup as in the above.

—(CO—CHR³—NH)_(n)—H  (5)

Furthermore, in the formula (4) above, R⁷ denotes hydroxyl group, anamino acid residue, or a peptide residue. It can be represented, forexample, by a formula (6) below. Moreover, in the formula (6) below, nis an integer of not less than zero, and R³ denotes an amino acid sidechain group as in the above.

—(NH—CHR³—CO)_(n)—OH  (6)

In the method of the present invention, although it is not particularlylimiting, the molecular weight of the reducing substance in the sampleis, for example, at least 10,000, preferably from 10,000 to 3,000,000,more preferably from 10,000 to 300,000, particularly preferably from30,000 to 100,000.

Furthermore, it is preferable that the reducing substance in the sampleis a protein. The molecular weight of the protein is, for example, atleast 3,000, preferably from 3,000 to 3,000,000, more preferably from10,000 to 300,000, particularly preferably from 30,000 to 100,000.Examples of such a reducing substance include hemoglobin, globin,globulin, albumin, and the like, preferably hemoglobin.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The methods of the present invention are described in detail below withreference to the following examples, in which glycated proteins in bloodcells are measured.

First, whole blood itself is hemolyzed, or a blood cell fraction isseparated from whole blood by a conventional method such ascentrifugation and hemolyzed, so as to prepare a hemolyzed sample. Themethod of the hemolysis is not particularly limited, and for example,methods of using a surfactant, ultrasonic waves, osmotic pressuredifference, etc. can be employed. Among these methods, it is preferableto employ a method using a surfactant because of its simplicity inoperation, etc.

As the surfactant, for example, non-ionic surfactants such aspolyoxyethylene-p-t-octylphenyl ether (e.g. Triton series surfactants),polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkyl ester (e.g. Tween series surfactants),polyoxyethylene alkyl ether (e.g. Brij series surfactants), and the likecan be used. Specific examples are Triton X-100, Tween-20, Brij 35, andthe like. The conditions of the treatment with the surfactant is usuallyas follows: when the concentration of blood cells in the treatingsolution is from 1 to 10% by volume, the surfactant is added so that itsconcentration in the treating solution falls in the range of 0.01 to 5%by weight, and stirred at room temperature for about several seconds(about 5 seconds) to 10 minutes.

Next, the tetrazolium compound having a tetrazole ring is added to thehemolyzed sample to carry out pretreatment of the sample.

For example, when the concentration of blood cells in the pretreatmentsolution is from 1 to 10% by volume, it is preferable that thetetrazolium compound is added so that its concentration falls in therange of 0.02 to 2000 mmol/liter, more preferably from 0.1 to 1000mmol/liter, particularly preferably from 0.4 to 200 mmol/liter.Specifically, when the tetrazolium compound is2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt, preferably it is added so that its concentration falls in therange of 0.02 to 80 mmol/liter, more preferably from of 0.1 to 20mmol/liter, particularly preferably from 0.2 to 15 mmol/liter.

The pretreatment is usually carried out in a buffer. For example, CHES,CAPSO, CAPS, phosphate, Tris, EPPS, HEPES buffers, and the like, can beused. The pH of the buffer is, for example, in the range of 6 to 13,preferably from 8 to 12, more preferably from 9 to 11. Moreover, thefinal concentration of the buffer in the pretreatment solution is, forexample, from 1 to 400 mmol/liter, preferably from 10 to 200 mmol/liter.

The conditions of the pretreatment are not particularly limited, but itis usually carried out at a temperature of 10 to 37° C. for a period of10 seconds to 60 minutes.

Although the tetrazolium compound may be used simply as it is, it ispreferably used as a solution in which the tetrazolium compound isdissolved in a solvent, in terms of simplicity in operation andefficiency of the treatment. The concentration of the solution can bedetermined as appropriate depending on the type of the tetrazoliumcompound (e.g. molecular weight, etc.), etc. For example, theconcentration is in the range of 0.01 to 120 mmol/liter, preferably from0.1 to 50 mmol/liter, more preferably from 0.2 to 20 mmol/liter. As thesolvent, for example, distilled water, physiological saline, buffers, orthe like can be used. As the buffers, for example, the same buffers asmentioned above can be employed. Moreover, the tetrazolium compound maybe used either alone or in combination of two or more types.

Next, the pretreated hemolyzed sample is treated with a protease. Thistreatment is performed so that the FAOD used in the subsequent treatmentmay act on the analyte more easily.

The type of the protease is not particularly limited, and for example,protease K, subtilisin, trypsin, aminopeptidase, and the like can beused. The protease treatment is usually carried out in a buffer, and theconditions of the treatment are determined as appropriate depending onthe type of the protease used, the type and the concentration of theglycated proteins as the analytes, etc.

Specifically, when the pretreated hemolyzed sample is treated usingprotease K, the protease treatment is usually carried out under theconditions as follows: a concentration of the protease in the reactionsolution of 10 to 30,000 mg/liter; a concentration of blood cells in thereaction solution of 0.05 to 15% by volume; a reaction temperature of 15to 37° C.; a reaction period of 1 minute to 24 hours; and a pH of 6 to12. Moreover, the type of the buffer is not particularly limited, andfor example, Tris-HCl buffer, EPPS buffer, PIPES buffer, and the likecan be used.

Next, a decomposed material obtained by the protease treatment isfurther treated with the FAOD. The reaction shown by the formula (1)above is catalyzed by this FAOD treatment.

It is preferable that the FAOD treatment is carried out in a buffer asin the above protease treatment. The conditions of the FAOD treatmentare determined as appropriate depending on the type of the FAOD used,the type and the concentration of the glycated proteins as the analytes,etc.

Specifically, the conditions are as follows: a concentration of the FAODin the reaction solution of 50 to 50,000 U/liter; a concentration ofblood cells in the reaction solution of 0.01 to 1% by volume; a reactiontemperature of 15 to 37° C.; a reaction period of 1 to 60 minutes; and apH of 6 to 9. Moreover, the type of the buffer is not particularlylimited, and for example, the same buffers as in the protease treatmentcan be used.

Next, the hydrogen peroxide formed in the FAOD treatment is measured bya redox reaction using POD and the color-developing substrate.

Examples of the color-developing substrate includeN-(carboxymethylaminocarbonyl)-4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylaminesodium, orthophenylenediamine (OPD), and a substrate in which trinder'sreagent and 4-aminoantipyrine are combined, and the like. Examples ofthe trinder's reagent are phenol, phenol derivatives, anilinederivatives, naphthol, naphthol derivatives, naphthylamine,naphthylamine derivatives, and the like. Moreover, in place of theaminoantipyrine, aminoantipyrine derivatives, vanillin diamine sulfonicacid, methylbenzothiazolinonehydrazone FBST , sulfonatedmethylbenzothiazolinonehydrazone (SMBTM, and the like, also can be used.Among these color-developing substrates, particularly preferable isN-(carboxymethylaminocarbonyl)-4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylaminesodium, as mentioned above.

The redox reaction is usually carried out in a buffer. The conditions ofthe reaction are determined as appropriated depending of theconcentration of the hydrogen peroxide formed, etc. The conditions areusually as follows: a concentration of the POD in the reaction solutionof 10 to 100,000 IU/liter; a concentration of the color-developingsubstrate of 0.005 to 30 mmol/liter; a reaction temperature of 15 to 37°C.; a reaction period of 0.1 to 30 minutes; and a pH of 5 to 9.Moreover, the type of the buffer is not particularly limited, and forexample, the same buffers as in the protease treatment and the FAODtreatment can be used.

In the redox reaction, for example, when the color-developing substrateis used, the quantity of the hydrogen peroxide can be determined bymeasuring the degree of the color developed (i.e. absorbance) in thereaction solution with a spectrophotometer. Then, for example, thequantity of the glycated proteins in the sample can be determined usingthe concentration of the hydrogen peroxide and a calibration curve.

Moreover, the quantity of the hydrogen peroxide also can be determinedby a method other than the above-mentioned enzymatic method using POD,for example, by an electrical method.

In this method, the pretreatment step with a tetrazolium compound is notparticularly limited as long as it is carried out before the redoxreaction actually occurs as described above. However, because thehydrogen peroxide is formed after the FAOD treatment, it is preferablethat the pretreatment step is performed before the FAOD treatment.Moreover, although each of the treating steps maybe carried outseparately as described above, some of the treating steps also may beperformed simultaneously, for example, in the combinations as follows:

1: hemolysis treatment+pretreatment

2: hemolysis treatment+pretreatment+protease treatment

3: protease treatment+FAOD treatment

4: FAOD treatment+POD redox treatment

5: protease treatment+FAOD treatment+POD redox treatment

Furthermore, the order of adding the FAOD, the POD, and thecolor-developing substrate also is not particularly limited.

Thus, by contacting a sample with a tetrazolium compound, not only theinfluence of low molecular weight reducing substances such as GSH, AsA,dithiothreitol, cysteine, N-acetyl-cysteine, and the like, but also theinfluence of, for example, proteins or reducing substances havingmolecular weights in the above-mentioned range can be avoided.

Furthermore, in the pretreatment step with the tetrazolium compound inthe method of the present invention, for example, an oxidizing agentother than the tetrazolium compound also may be used in combination. Assuch an oxidizing agent, for example, a halogen oxide such as sodiumiodoacetate, iodic acid, periodic acid, or the like, or EDTA-Fe,ascorbic acid oxidase, bilirubin oxidase, or the like can be used. Theamount of such an oxidizing agent added is, for example, in the range of0.001 to 0.1 mg per 1 μl of the sample.

In the method of the present invention, the analyte is not particularlylimited, as long as a redox reaction is utilized. Examples of theanalyte other than the above-mentioned glycated proteins includeglycated peptides, glycated amino acids, glucose, cholesterol uric acid,creatinine, sarcosine, glycerol and the like, as mentioned above.

When the quantity of each of the above-mentioned examples of the analyteis measured by forming hydrogen peroxide, the hydrogen peroxide isformed, for example by action of: a glucose oxidase on the glucose; acholesterol oxidase on the cholesterol; an uricase on the uric acid; asarcosine oxidase on the creatinine; a sarcosine oxidase on thesarcosine; or a glycerol oxidase on the glycerol; respectively. Thequantity of the hydrogen peroxide can be measured in the same way asabove. Moreover, glycated peptides and glycated amino acids can bemeasured, for example, in the same way as in the measurement of theglycated proteins above.

Furthermore, after the treatment of the reducing substances in a samplewith the tetrazolium compound, when the quantity of the analyte isdetermined by forming a reducing substance derived from the analyte,measuring the quantity of the reducing substance by a redox reaction,and determining the quantity of the analyte from the quantity of thereducing substance, the measurement can be carried out, for example, asfollows:

When the analyte is glucose, for example, a reducing substance such asNADH or NADPH is formed using glucose dehydrogenase in the presence ofNAD, NADP, or the like. Then, the NADH or NADPH as a reducing substancederived from the analyte is measured by a redox reaction, using, forexample, diaphorase and a substrate that develops color by reduction.Then, as mentioned above, the quantity of the analyte in the sample canbe determined, for example, using the concentration of the reducingsubstance derived from the analyte and a calibration curve or the like.Furthermore, for example, cholesterol dehydrogenase can be used when theanalyte is cholesterol, and sarcosine dehydrogenase can be used when theanalyte is sarcosine.

As the substrate that develops color by reduction, although notparticularly limited, for example, a color-developing tetrazoliumcompound added to eliminate the influences of the reducing substances inthe sample may be employed. Furthermore, a different type of acolor-developing tetrazolium compound other than the one used in thepretreatment of the sample also may be employed depending on eachwavelength of the measurement. Other than the above-mentionedcolor-developing tetrazolium compounds, for example,2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and the like also can be employed.Moreover, in order to obtain measured values with more excellentreliability, for example, it is preferable to measure an absorbance inadvance before measuring the reducing substance derived from theanalyte.

Moreover, when a sample is thus treated with the tetrazolium compound,not only the influence of the above-mentioned low molecular weightreducing substances, but also the influence of the above-mentioned highmolecular weight reducing substances such as proteins can be avoided.Therefore, when there is an influence of a reducing substance having amolecular weight of at least 10,000 or a reducing substance as aprotein, the method can be applied not only to the whole blood sample,but also to the above-mentioned various kinds of samples. Moreover, whena sample other than whole blood is used, the measurement can be carriedout in the same manner using the same reagents, except that the sampleis different.

In the following, the present invention is described with reference tothe following examples and comparative examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Comparative Example 1

In Example 1, a sample was pretreated with a tetrazolium compound so asto eliminate the influence of any reducing substance in the sample. Thefollowing shows the reagents and methods used in Example 1.

Surfactant Solution

Polyoxyethylene(10)-p-t-octylphenyl ether (hereinafter referred to asTriton X-100) was mixed with purified water so that its concentrationbecame 0.1% by volume.

WST-3 Solution

2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium,monosodium salt (WST-3, produced by DOJINDO LABORATORIES) was dissolvedin purified water so that its concentration became 1 mmol/liter.

Fructosyl Valine Solution

Fructosyl valine (hereinafter referred to as FV) was produced inaccordance with the method disclosed in Publication of UnexaminedJapanese Patent Application No. Hei 2-69644 (hereinafter the same). TheFV was added to 0.5 mol/liter Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) so that itsconcentration became 50 μmol/liter.

Redox Reaction Solution A

FAOD (produced by Asahi Chemical Industry, Co., Ltd.; 28.6 KU/literhereinafter the same) POD (produced by TOYOBO CO., LTD; hereinafter 14.3KU/liter the same) DA-64 (produced by Wako Pure Chemical Industries,28.6 μmol/liter LTD.; hereinafter the same) Distilled water remainingportion

Whole blood from a healthy adult was subjected to centrifugation (1630G, for 10 minutes) so as to collect blood cells. Then, the blood cellswere diluted 20-fold (by volume) with the Triton X-100 solution, andhemolyzed to prepare a hemolyzed sample.

50 μl of 0.5 mol/liter CHES buffer (pH 9.0) was added to 50 μl of thesample, and then 100 μl of the WST-3 solution was added thereto andstirred. Thereafter, it was treated at 37° C. for 10 minutes. After thistreatment, 400 μl of the FV solution was added to the sample, and then1,400 μl of the redox solution A was added thereto so as to start areaction. Then, absorbance of the reaction solution was measured at 726nm.

As a control, measurement was carried out in the same manner as in theabove except that distilled water was used in place of the hemolyzedsample. As Comparative Example 1, the same measurement as in Example 1was carried out except that distilled water was used in place of theWST-3 solution.

Then, the measured values were substituted in an equation (1) below, anda relative value (%) was determined by setting the absorbance of thecontrol as 100%. These results are shown in Table 1 below.

Relative value (%)=(X₁—X₀/Y₁—Y₀)×100  (Eq. 1)

X₁: absorbance after 5 minutes

X₀: absorbance at the start of the reaction

Y₁: absorbance after 5 minutes in control

Y₀: absorbance at the start of the reaction in control

TABLE 1 Relative value (%) Example 1 83 Comparative Example 1 34 Control100 

Thus, by treating a hemolyzed sample of blood cells with a tetrazoliumcompound, the influence of the reducing substance in the sample waseliminated, so that reliability of the measurement was improved.

Comparative Examples 2 and 3

According to the same procedures as in Example 1, blood cells werecollected, and diluted 5-fold (by volume) with 1.0 volume % Triton X-100solution, and then hemolyzed to prepare a hemolyzed sample. 150 μl of1.0 mol/liter sodium iodoacetate solution (produced by Aldorich;hereinafter the same) was added to 50 μl of the hemolyzed sample andstirred, and then treated at 37° C. for 10 minutes. After the treatment,400 μl of the FV solution was added to the sample, and then 1,400 μl ofthe redox solution A was added thereto so as to start a reaction. Then,the absorbance of the reaction solution was measured in the same way asin Example 1, and a relative value (%) to a control was determined. Thismeasurement was determined as Comparative Example 2. Moreover, as thecontrol, the same measurement as in the above was carried out exceptthat distilled water was used in place of the hemolyzed sample.

In Comparative Example 3, measurement was carried out according to thesame procedures as in Example 1 except that distilled water was used inplace of the sodium iodoacetate solution. These results are shown inTable 2 below.

TABLE 2 Relative value (%) Comparative Example 2 37 Comparative Example3 35 Control 100

As shown in Table 2 above, it was confirmed that the influence of thereducing substance in the hemolyzed sample not be avoided with sodiumiodoacetate, which has been conventionally used as an oxidizing agent.

Comparative Example 4

In this comparative example, a hemolyzed sample of erythrocytes wassubjected to molecular weight fractionation, and then treated withsodium iodoacetate.

10 ml of blood from a healthy adult to which heparin was added wassubjected to centrifugation (1630 G, for 10 minutes), and the plasmalayer and leukocytes layer were removed with a pipette. To theerythroytes layer obtained, physiological saline was added, and mixedslowly so that the erythrocytes are not hemolyzed. Then, it wassubjected to centrifugation in the same way as in the above, and thesupernatant was removed. This series of washing operations was repeatedthree times. Then, an equal amount (by volume) of distilled water wasadded to the erythrocytes obtained, so as to hemolyze the erythrocytescompletely. Thereafter, it was subjected to centrifugation (4530 G, for10 minutes) again, and membrane components were removed. The solutionthus obtained was determined as Sample 1.

Next, Sample 1 was ultrafiltered by centrifugation (1630 G, for 4 hours)using CENTRIPREP 30 (produced by Millipore Corporation). A fraction ofmolecular weight of not less than 30,000 remained in the CENTRIPREP 30was determined as Sample 2. The filtered solution was determined asSample 3.

Next, Sample 3 was further ultrafiltered by centrifugation (1630 G, for2 hours) using CENTRIPREP 10 (produced by Millipore Corporation). Afraction of molecular weight of not less than 10,000 but less than30,000 remained in the CENTRIPREP 10 was determined as Sample 4. Thefiltered solution was determined as Sample 5.

Each of the above-mentioned samples was diluted with distilled water toprepare a diluted solution, and 400 μl of the FV solution was added to200 μl of the diluted solution. Then, 1,400 μl of the redox reactionsolution A was added thereto so as to start a reaction. Then, absorbancewas measured in the same way as in Example 1, and a relative value (%)to a control was determined. Moreover, Samples 1 and 2 were diluted80-fold, and Samples 3 to 5 were diluted 10-fold with distilled water.As a control, measurement was carried out in the same manner as in theabove except that distilled water was used in place of the hemolyzedsample.

Furthermore, 150 μl of the sodium iodoacetate solution was added to 50μl of the diluted solution of each sample and stirred, and thereaftertreated at 37° C. for 10 minutes. Then, 400 μl of the FV solution wasadded to the treated sample, and thereafter 1,400 μl of the redoxreaction solution A was added thereto so as to start a reaction.Absorbance was measured in the same way as in Example 1 above, and arelative value (%) to a control was determined. These results are shownin Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Relative value (%) Sample 1  0 Sample 2  7 Sample 3 93 Sample 4100  Sample 5 93 Sample 1 + sodium iodoacetate  0 Sample 2 + sodiumiodoacetate  8 Sample 3 + sodium iodoacetate 98 Sample 4 + sodiumiodoacetate 100  Sample 5 + sodium iodoacetate 98 Control 100 

As shown in Table 3 above, the analytes in Sample 1 (not fractionated)and Sample 2 (the fraction of molecular weight of at least 30,000) werehardly measured. Also, these samples were hardly measured when treatedwith sodium iodoacetate. Accordingly, it was found that the influence ofa reducing substance with a molecular weight of at least 10,000,particularly at least 30,000, was hardly avoided with sodiumiodoacetate.

EXAMPLE 2 Comparative Example 5

In Example 2, a blood sample was treated with various types oftetrazolium compounds so as to eliminate the influence of amy reducingsubstance in the sample. The following shows the names and structures ofthe tetrazolium compounds used.

(1) Tetrazolium compounds having cyclic substituted groups with benzenerings at three positions of their tetrazole rings.

2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium,monosodium salt

2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-dinitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium,monosodium salt

2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium,monosodium salt

2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride

3,3′-(1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diyl)-bis(2,5-diphenyl)-2H-tetrazolium chloride

3,3′-[3,3′-dimethoxy-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diyl]-bis[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazoliumchloride]

2,3-diphenyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)tetrazolium chloride

2,5-diphenyl-3-(p-diphenyl)tetrazolium chloride

2,3-diphenyl-5-(p-diphenyl)tetrazolium chloride

2,5-diphenyl-3-(4-styrylphenyl)tetrazolium chloride

2,5-diphenyl-3-(m-tolyl)tetrazolium chloride

2,5-diphenyl-3-(p-tolyl)tetrazolium chloride

(2) Tetrazolium compounds having cyclic substituted groups with benzenerings at two positions of their tetrazole rings and a cyclic substitutedgroup other than having a benzene ring at one position thereof.

2,3-diphenyl-5-(2-thienyl)tetrazolium chloride

2-benzthiazoyl-3-(4-carboxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-5-[4-(2-sulfoethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-2H-tetrazolium

2,2′-dibenzthiazolyl-5,5′-bis[4-di(2-sulfoethyl)carbamoylphenyl]-3,3′-(3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′-biphenylene)ditetrazolium,disodium salt

3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride

(3) Tetrazolium compounds having cyclic substituted groups with benzenerings at two positions of their tetrazole rings and a non-cyclicsubstituted group at one position thereof.

2,3-diphenyl-5-cyanotetrazolium chloride

2,3-diphenyl-5-carboxytetrazolium chloride

2,3-diphenyl-5-methyltetrazolium chloride

2,3-diphenyl-5-ethyltetrazolium chloride

Moreover, WST-1, WST-3, WST-8, WST-4, WST-5, INT, MTT, NTB, and Neo-TBare products of DOJINDO LABORATORIES, and others are products of TOKYOKASEI KOGYO CO., LTD.

FV Solution

FV was added to 0.145 mol/liter KPB (pH 7.0) so that its concentrationbecame 10 μmol/liter.

Redox reaction solution B FAOD 73 KU/liter POD 219 KU/liter DA-64 146μmol/liter Distilled Water remaining portion

To 25 μl of 1.0 mol/liter CAPSO buffer (pH 10.0), 41.3 μl of the 10volume % Triton X-100 solution and 1.65 μl of whole blood from a healthyadult were added, and it was quantified to 250 μl with distilled water.Then, it was further diluted 3-fold (by volume) with purified water soas to prepare a hemolyzed sample.

150 μl of each tetrazolium compound solution was added to 250 μl of thehemolyzed sample and stirred, and then treated at 37° C. for 60 minutes.Then, 55 μl of the FV solution was added to 25 μl of the sample, andthereafter 15 μl of the redox reaction solution B was added thereto soas to start a reaction. Then, absorbance was measured in the same way asin Example 1, and a relative value (%) to a control was determined.Moreover, the concentration of the tetrazolium compound solution was 0.5mmol/liter for WST-5 and 5 mmol/liter for other solutions.

As the control measurement was carried out in the same way as in theabove except that distilled water was used in place of the hemolyzedsample. As Comparative Example 5, measurement was carried out accordingto the same procedures as in Example 2 except that distilled water wasused in place of the tetrazolium compound solution. These results areshown in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 Tetrazolium compound Relative value (%) 1-1 90 1-2 94 1-3 89 1-490 1-5 88 1-6 94 1-7 94 1-8 91 1-9 93  1-10 91  1-11 91  1-12 74 2-1 812-2 42 2-3 44 2-4 47 3-1 76 3-2 74 3-3 74 3-4 68 Comparative Example 535 Control 100 

As shown in Table 4 above, reliability of the measured values wasimproved by treating the hemolyzed sample with each tetrazoliumcompound, particularly when the tetrazolium compounds (1-1) to (1-12)having cyclic substituted groups with benzene rings at three positionsof their tetrazole rings were used.

EXAMPLE 3

In Example 3, WST-3, WST-1, WST-8, and INT were used as the tetrazoliumcompound so as to vary the pH during the treatment. The following showsbuffers used in this example.

Buffer Solutions

1.0 mol/liter CHES buffer (pH 9.0)

1.0 mol/liter CAPSO buffer (pH 10.0)

1.0 mol/liter CAPS buffer (pH 11.0)

Except that each of the above different buffers were used, treatment wasperformed using each of the above-mentioned tetrazolium compoundsaccording to the same procedures as in Example 2, and absorbance wasmeasured. Moreover, relative values were determined by setting theabsorbance of WST-3 at pH 10.0 as 100%. The results showed that therelative values were 100% when each of the above-mentioned buffers (pH9, 10, 11) was used for each tetrazolium compound, and no influence bythe pH was observed.

EXAMPLE 4 Comparative Example 6

In Example 4, treatment was carried out using WST-3 while setting thefinal diluting factor of a whole blood sample in the reaction solutionto about 100-fold.

Except that 33 μl of whole blood obtained from a healthy adult and 50 μlof 1.0 mol/liter CAPSO buffer (pH 10) were used, hemolysis was carriedout in the same manner as in Example 2. The sample was quantified to 250μl by adding 125.7 μl of distilled water. Then, it was diluted 3-fold(by volume) with purified water so as to prepare a hemolyzed sample.

15 μl of 5 mmol/liter WST-3 solution was added to 25 μl of the hemolyzedsample and stirred, and then treated at 37° C. for 5 minutes. Then, 55μl of 6 μmol/liter FV solution was added to the sample. Thereafter, 1501 μl of the redox reaction solution B was added thereto so as to starta reaction. Then, absorbance was measured in the same way as in Example1, and a relative value (%) to a control was determined. As the control,measurement was carried out in the same manner as the above except thatdistilled water was used in place of the hemolyzed sample. AsComparative Example 6, measurement was performed in the same way as theabove except that distilled water was used in place of the WST-3solution. These results are shown in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 Relative value (%) Example 4  80 Comparative Example 6  0Control 100

In Example 4, even when the concentration of the reducing substance inthe reaction solution was increased by lowering the final dilutingfactor of the whole blood sample, the influence of the reducingsubstance was eliminated as indicated in Table 5, and the measuredvalues obtained had excellent reliability. On the other hand, inComparative Example 6 in which the sample was not treated with WST-3, aslight color was developed immediately after the start of the reaction,but shortly thereafter the color was degraded, and it was completelyfaded after 5 minutes. Therefore, absorbance could not be measured, sothat the relative value was 0% as shown in Table 5 above.

Finally, it is understood that the invention may be embodied in otherspecific forms without departing from the spirit or essentialcharacteristics thereof. The embodiments disclosed in this applicationare to be considered in all respects as illustrative and notrestrictive, so that the scope of the invention being indicated by theappended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and allchanges which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of theclaims are intended to be embraced therein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of measuring an analyte in a sampleusing a redox reaction, comprising: eliminating the influence of anyreducing substance contained in the sample prior to conducting the redoxreaction, the influence of any reducing substance being eliminated byadding a tetrazolium compound prior to the redox reaction; forming areducing substance or an oxidizing substance derived from the analyte;measuring the quantity of the formed substance derived from the analyteby the redox reaction; and determining the quantity of the analyte fromthe quantity of the formed substance derived from the analyte; whereinthe tetrazolium compound used to eliminate the influence of any reducingsubstance comprises at least one of2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt,2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt,2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt, 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium salt,3,3′-(1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diyl)-bis(2,5-diphenyl)-2H-tetrazolium salt,3,3′-[3,3′-dimethoxy-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diyl]-bis[2-(4-nitropenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazoliumsalt, 2,3-diphenyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,5-diphenyl-3-(p-diphenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,3-diphenyl-5-(p-diphenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,5-diphenyl-3-(4-styrylphenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,5-diphenyl-3-(m-tolyl)tetrazolium salt, and 2,5-diphenyl-3-(p-tolyl)tetrazolium salt.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein thetetrazolium compound comprises2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tetrazoliumcompound is added so that its concentration falls in a range of 0.001 to100 μl per 1 μl of the sample.
 4. The method according to claim 1,wherein the sample comprises whole blood, and the tetrazolium compoundis added so that its concentration falls in a range of 0.001 to 10 μmolper 1 μl of the sample.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein theoxidizing substance from the analyte is hydrogen peroxide, and thequantity of the hydrogen peroxide is measured by the redox reaction. 6.The method according to claim 5, wherein the quantity of the hydrogenperoxide is measured using a peroxidase and a substrate that developscolor by oxidation.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein thesubstrate comprisesN-(carboxymethylaminocarbonyl)-4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylaminesodium.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the analyte is acomponent in erythrocytes.
 9. The method according to claim 5, whereinthe analyte is a glycated protein in erythrocytes, and the hydrogenperoxide is formed by decomposing a sugar portion of the glycatedprotein by oxidation with fructosyl amino acid oxidase.
 10. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein a molecular weight of the reducingsubstance in the sample is at least 10,000.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein the reducing substance is a protein.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein the reducing substance is hemoglobin.
 13. A method of measuringan analyte in a sample using a redox reaction, comprising: eliminatingthe influence of any reducing substance contained in the sample prior toconducting the redox reaction, the influence of any reducing substancebeing eliminated by adding a tetrazolium compound prior to the redoxreaction; forming an oxidizing substance comprising hydrogen peroxidethat is derived from the analyte; measuring the quantity of the hydrogenperoxide derived from the analyte by the redox reaction with aperoxidase and a substrate that develops color when oxidized, thesubstrate comprisingN-(carboxymethylaminocarbonyl)-4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylaminesodium; and determining the quantity of the analyte from the quantity ofthe formed substance derived from the analyte.
 14. The method accordingto claim 13, wherein the tetrazolium compound has cyclic substitutedgroups in at least two positions of its tetrazole ring.
 15. The methodaccording to claim 14, wherein at least two of the cyclic substitutedgroups have benzene rings.
 16. The method according to claim 13, whereinthe tetrazolium compound has cyclic substituted groups in at least threepositions of its tetrazole ring, and at least two of the cyclicsubstituted groups have benzene rings.
 17. The method according to claim14, wherein at least one of the cyclic substituted groups has anelectron attractive functional group.
 18. The method according to claim17, wherein the electron attractive functional group is at least onefunctional group selected from halogen atoms and carboxyl, nitro,hydroxyl, sulfo, methoxy, and ethoxy groups.
 19. The method according toclaim 13, wherein the tetrazolium compound has benzene rings atpositions 2 and 3 of its tetrazole ring, and at least one of the benzenerings has at least one functional group selected from halogen atoms andcarboxyl, nitro, hydroxyl, sulfo, methoxy, and ethoxy groups.
 20. Themethod according claim 13, wherein the wherein the tetrazolium compoundused to eliminate the influence of any reducing substance comprises atleast one of2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt,2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2-H-tetrazoliumsalt,2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumsalt, 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium salt,3,3′-(1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diyl)bis(2,5-diphenyl)-2H-tetrazolium salt,3,3′-[3,3′-dimethoxy-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diyl]-bis[2-(4-nitropenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazoliumsalt, 2,3-diphenyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,5-diphenyl-3-(p-diphenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,3-diphenyl-5-(p-diphenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,5-diphenyl-3-(4-styrylphenyl)tetrazolium salt,2,5-diphenyl-3-(m-tolyl)tetrazolium salt, and2,5-diphenyl-3-(p-tolyl)tetrazolium salt.